1. Introduction |
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1.1 |
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Rubber serves as a raw material which is needed to manufacture
various products for transportation, manufacturing and daily
necessities. There are two types of rubber which are marketable
in the world rubber market, that is natural rubber and synthetic
rubber. In Malaysia, data on natural rubber are collected
by government agencies such as the Department of Statistics,
Malaysian Rubber Board (MRB) and Federal Land Development
Authority (FELDA) and non-government organizations such
as Malaysian Rubber Producers' Council (MRPC). The monthly
data collected by the Department of Statistics are published
in the "Monthly Rubber Statistics Malaysia" publication,
which provides comprehensive information on rubber.
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1.2 |
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The publication
contains provisional statistics for the current month. The
estimates will be revised and incorporated in the following
month's publication. |
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2. Objective |
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The main objective of this publication is to provide general
statistics on production, stocks, imports, exports, domestic
consumption of rubber and number of workers, salary &
wages in rubber estates. It is envisaged that the statistics
presented will be useful to government departments and agencies
involved in formulating policy, planning and monitoring
rubber related industries. Interested individuals and organisations
in the private sector might also find the information useful
in their work.
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3. Scope
And Coverage |
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3.1 Scope |
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The statistics
presented in this publication provide a complete picture
on the supply and demand of natural rubber in Malaysia.
Supply consists of stocks at the beginning of a reference
period of one month, production and imports. Demand, on
the other hand, consists of stocks at the end of the period,
exports and domestic consumption. In addition, data on estate’s
and employee’s productivity, employment & salary
and prices are also included.
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3.2 Coverage |
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The data
presented in this publication covers the whole rubber industry
in Malaysia. |
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4. Census
Frame |
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4.1 |
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4.1 The
frame for the monthly rubber censuses is obtained from the
following sources:-
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4.1.1 Malaysian
Rubber Board (MRB) |
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The list
of establishments engaged in the rubber producing and dealing
activities is obtained from MRB once a year. The list contains
those holding Licences A(i) & A(ii), A(ii), B and C,
which cover newly registered licences, renewals of licences
and cancellation of licences. The frame is updated from
time to time to take into account new establishments, establishments
that have closed down, changes in the correspondence address
and activities of the establishments to ensure that the
latest frame is used at the time of mailing.
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4.1.2 Department
Of Statistics Malaysia |
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The Methodology
Division in Department of Statistics provides the list of
new establishments registered with the Registrar of Companies/Businesses.
This source also provides the list of establishments that
had changed addresses and status of business .
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4.1.3 Monthly
Rubber Census Questionnaires |
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Latest information from
the Monthly Rubber Census questionnaires is also used to
update the rubber frame such as the names and addresses
of the new owners of the; converted to other crops or change
of activities and etc.
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4.2 |
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The frame
is updated regularly according to the latest establishment
status. Hence, the coverage as well as the number of responses
received may vary from month to month. |
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5. Data
Sources |
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The "Monthly Rubber Statistics" contains data
from both the primary and secondary sources. The sources
of primary data are the monthly censuses of Rubber Estates,
Rubber Processors and Rubber Consumers. The secondary data
are obtained from both the internal i.e data on imports
and exports of rubber from External Trade Statistics Division
and external sources such as FELDA in respect of FELDA's
rubber production and MRB for the price of rubber by types
and grades.
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6. Concepts
And Definitions |
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6.1 Rubber
Estate |
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A rubber
estate is defined as :
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6.1.1 |
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all
areas, contiguous or non-contiguous, aggregating not less
than 40.47 hectares (100 acres) planted with rubber or on
which the planting of rubber is permitted and is under a
single legal ownership;
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6.1.2 |
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any area
planted with rubber in a coconut, cocoa or oil palm estate
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6.2 Ownership |
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The ownership
of an estate is classified by the residential status and
not the citizenship of the owner(s) of the majority (more
that 50%) of the paid-up capital.
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6.3 Malaysian
Resident |
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A Malaysian
Resident is broadly defined as follows:-
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6.3.1 |
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A person
who has stayed or lived in Malaysia for at least a year;
or
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6.3.2 |
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A company
or institution located in Malaysia where its 'centre of
economic interest' is in Malaysia.
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6.4 Non-Malaysian
Resident |
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A Non-Malaysian
Resident is defined as a person, company or institution
that lives in, or is located in a country outside Malaysia
for a period of one year or more.
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6.5 Production |
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Production
of natural rubber refers to the dry rubber content (DRC)
of field latex, rubber sheets and scrap : lump and bark
produced by estates and smallholders during the reference
month. Further explanation is given in paragraph 7 below.
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6.6 Domestic
Consumption |
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This refers
to the usage of natural rubber such as latex concentrate,
S.M.R. (Standard Malaysian Rubber), R.S.S. (Ribbed Smoked
Sheet), etc., by manufacturing establishments in Malaysia
to produce natural rubber products; such as tyres and tubes,
rubber footwear, rubber gloves, rubber threads and rubber
compounds during the reference month.
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6.7 Exports |
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Goods (locally
produced or manufactured or imported for subsequent re-export)
are regarded as exports when they are taken out of the country.
In this report, exports are classified according to the
country of destination, that is, the country where it is
expected that the goods will be consumed insofar as this
can be ascertained at the time of export. In the case of
goods shipped on an "Optional Bill of Lading",
the country of destination refers to that of the first port
declared. If the information regarding the country of destination
of goods exported via Singapore is not known/available,
such exports are included under the value of exports to
Singapore, that is, under the same category as goods consumed
in Singapore. Exports include re-exports. This categorisation
of exports is also termed as 'general exports'.
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6.7.1 The
Grades of Natural Rubber That Are Exported |
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Natural
rubber is exported from Malaysia in different form. In every
type of formation, it has its own grades which determined
the different quality and specification and each receive
different market price.
The formation of natural rubber that are exported are sheet
rubber, technically specified rubber and prepared latex
or concentrated latex.
i. Sheet Rubber
Sheet rubber is classified under three types, i.e unsmoked
sheets, smoked sheets or RSS and air dried sheet (ADS).
ii. Technically Specified Rubber
Rubber in this form come from Malaysia under the name Standard
Malaysian Rubber (SMR). SMR has six grades that are differed
in its technically specification. The SMR grades are SMR
CV, SMR L, SMR GP, SMR 5, SMR 10 and SMR 20. Grade SMR CV
and L are made from latex while SMR GP is processed from
mixed latex and rubber sheets. SMR 5 is processed from rubber
sheets while grades 10 and 20 are made from rubber sheets,
scrap and crumb rubber. Other types of SMR are also produced
by the factories according to the request made by their
customers.
iii. Prepared Latex
Prepared latex or latex concentrate do not have grades as
in different formation. It is exported in the form that
is being processed irrespective of being graded.
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6.8 Imports |
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Goods are
regarded as imports when they are brought into the country
directly or into bonded warehouses, whether or not such
goods are meant for consumption, to be processed, in manufacturing
or for subsequent re-export to other countries. This categorisation
of imports is also termed as 'general imports'. In this
report, imports are classified according to the country
of origin of the goods, that is, the country where the goods
are given the final form before they are imported into the
registration area.
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6.9 Stocks |
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This refers
to stocks of rubber owned by establishments regardless where
it is located i.e inside or outside the factory; they include
stocks of unprocessed rubber, rubber in process and processed
rubber. Stocks are reported as at the beginning and at the
end of the month.
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6.10 Total
Number Of persons Engaged As At End Of The Month In A Rubber
Estate |
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The total
number of persons engaged in a rubber estate is defined
as the total number of persons employed during the reference
month. The number of persons engaged includes all working
proprietors and active business partners, unpaid family
workers and employees as defined in the following paragraphs.
Included are part-time workers on the payroll and persons
on strike, picket and short-term leave (sick, vocational
or emergency leave). Those excluded are pensioners and workers
on indefinite leave, including those on leave during the
whole of the reference month.
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6.10.1 Working
Proprietors and Active Business Partners |
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This category
refers to all individual proprietors and partners, part-time
or full-time, who are actively engaged in the work of the
establishment. If therefore excludes inactive partners.
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6.10.2 Unpaid
Family Workers |
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This is
defined as all persons (full-time or part-time) of the household
of any of the owners of the rubber estates who perform a
specified job and work for a minimum of one third of the
normal working time of the estate, but do not receive regular
payment either in cash or in kind for the work done. Such
workers generally receive food, shelter and other support
as part of the household of an owner and these provisions
would continue whether they worked in the estate or not.
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6.10.3 Full-Time
Employees |
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This is
defined as all paid workers who work for at least 6 hours
a day and for at least 20 days a month.
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6.10.4 Part-Time
Employees |
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This is
defined to include all paid workers who work for less than
6 hours a day and/or less than 20 days a month.
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6.11 Compensations
Of Employees |
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This consists
of total salaries & wages, payments in kind made by
establishments to all employees, employers' contribution
to the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) and social security
schemes or other provident funds. However, only salaries
& wages data are collected through the Monthly Census
of Rubber Estates and presented in this publication.
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6.12 Salaries
And Wages Paid |
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Salaries
& wages paid refer to all payments, whether in cash
or in kind, made by employer during the reference month
to persons included in the count of employees in connection
with work done for the establishments. It includes bonuses,
commissions, overtime wages, cost of living allowances and
other allowances made to all employees during the reference
month. The employees' contribution to the Employees' Provident
Fund (EPF) and the Social Security Organisation (SOCSO)
are included but the employer's contribution in excluded.
Allowances to working proprietors, working partners and
unpaid family workers are also not included.
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6.13 Payments
In Kind To Paid Employees |
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Payments
in kind is the net cost to the employer for those goods
and services furnished to employees free of charge or at
markedly reduced cost that are clearly and primarily of
benefit to the employees as consumers. These include food,
beverages, clothing (except uniform for civilians), medical
attention and accommodation provided free of charge or at
markedly reduced cost. Outlays by employers which are of
benefit to them as well as their employees, e.g. expenditure
by employers on amenities provided at places of work, sports
and other recreational facilities and reimbursements by
employers on the expenses of travel, entertainment and work
clothing, tools and equipment which are incurred by their
employees, are excluded.
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6.14 Price |
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The average
price is derived by adding the daily trading price (Noon
Quotations F.O.B.) during the reference month and dividing
the total by the number of trading days in that month. The
F.O.B. price data are obtained from the MRB. |
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| 7. Compilation
Procedure Of Rubber Production |
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7.1 |
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Prior to
1991, data on monthly estate and smallholding production
of rubber were compiled from the monthly censuses of rubber
estates and rubber dealers respectively, while data on monthly
domestic consumption were obtained from the Monthly Census
of Establishments Consuming Rubber. These monthly censuses
were confined to the states of Peninsular Malaysia only.
The data on monthly production of rubber for the states
of Sabah and Sarawak were then obtained by assuming the
production as equivalent to the states total exports of
rubber. However, with effect from January 1998, the Monthly
Estates Census was extended to Sabah and Sarawak, but the
Monthly Census of Rubber Dealers could not be extended to
the two states because it was found to be impractical. Thus,
for Sabah and Sarawak, the estate rubber production was
obtained, from the said census, while the estimated production
of smallholdings was derived by deducting the estate production
from the total production obtained from the balancing adjustment
method mentioned below.
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7.2 |
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The Monthly
Census of Establishments Consuming Rubber, which had been
a regular monthly exercise in Peninsular Malaysia, was extended
to Sabah and Sarawak in 1991. Hence, from 1991, with the
availability of data on stocks, domestic consumption, exports
and imports, the total production of rubber for the two
states had been estimated by applying the balancing adjustment
method between demand and supply. Total demand comprised
of exports, domestic consumption, processing losses and
closing stocks as at the end of the month while total supply
comprised of imports, production and opening stocks as at
the beginning of the month. By equating total supply to
total demand, production was estimated by deducting its
other components of imports and opening stocks as at the
beginning of the month from total supply (i.e. total demand).
The smallholding production is obtained by deducting the
rubber estate production (from the Monthly Estate Census)
from the total production.
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7.3 |
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The rubber
estate and smallholding production data for Peninsular Malaysia,
Sabah and Sarawak are aggregated to arrive at the total
production data for Malaysia. |
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7.4 |
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Starting
the year 2004, a new approach is used to produced the data
on productivity. The Census of Rubber Dealers was stopped
and replaced by Census of Rubber Processors. Information
on total purchased or receipts is used as the base for total
rubber production. |
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| 8. Confidentiality
Requirements |
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The monthly rubber statistics are compiled under the provisions
of the Statistics Act, 1965 (Revised - 1989). The Act stipulates
that the contents of individual returns are confidential.
In conformity with the stipulations of this Act, only aggregated
figures are published. Hence, data of a certain classification,
which has less than 3 reporting establishments, will be
merged with another data of the nearest classification.
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Revisions are made from time to time as a result of continuous
quality checks.
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| 10. Units
Of Measurements And Symbols |
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10.1 Units
Of Measurement |
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10.1.1 |
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All figures
are expressed in "tonne", i.e. 1,000 kilograms,
unless stated otherwise.
(1 tonne = 2,204.6 Ibs.)
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10.1.2 |
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All weights
of rubber are expressed in dry content, that is, the Dry
Rubber Content (D.R.C), unless stated to the contrary.
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10.2 Symbols |
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The following
symbols have been used throughout the publication:-
p = Preliminary
t = Includes Rubber For Transhipment
To Singapore
- = Nil
.. = Not Available
RM = Malaysian Ringgit
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